A pipe is normally taken to mean a tube with a wall thickness greater than 1/10th of the nominal radius.
Conversely, a tube is normally taken to mean a pipe with a wall thickness less than 1/10th of the nominal radius.
Whilst the stress calculations in pipe are valid for pipe and tube (i.e. any wall thickness), it is considered acceptable to use a short-hand formula for hoop stress in tube walls (hoop stress = pressure x nominal radius ÷ wall thickness) and to assume that radial stress is equal to the internal pressure and constant right through the wall. This, of course, is an approximation.
All the results from the pipe strength calculator are dependent upon the pipe material remaining within Hooke's law.
The pipe strength calculator provides the facility for you to calculate as many (or as few) effects as you wish. You needn't enter the input data for the effects you don't need to include. For example:
You only enter the internal and external diameters of the pipe (Øᵢ and Øₒ) along with its material density ('ρ(pipe)')
In addition to the data for Mass pipe (empty) (above), you will also need to enter a value for the added mass (see Fluid Forces). If Ca is not set to zero, 'm(pipe)' will include all the external displaced fluid (Ca+1) but does not include the mass of the internal fluid
You only enter the internal diameter of the pipe (Øᵢ) along with the internal fluid density (ρflᵢ)
In addition to the data for an empty and full pipes (above) you will need the external fluid density (ρflₒ). This value is the balance of forces from the pipe material, the internal fluid and the external fluid (it does not include any of the added mass effects)
You only need to enter the internal and external diameters of the pipe (Øᵢ and Øₒ) along with the internal pressure (pᵢ(pipe))
You only need to enter the internal and external diameters of the pipe (Øᵢ and Øₒ) along with the external pressure (pₒ(pipe))
You only need to enter internal and external diameters of the pipe (Øᵢ and Øₒ) along with the bending moment in the pipe (M)
A longitudinal shear stress τM will be present if you also enter an internal and/or external pressure as well as a bending moment
You only need to enter internal and external diameters of the pipe (Øᵢ and Øₒ) along with the applied lateral force (Fτ)
You only need to enter the internal and external diameters of the pipe (Øᵢ and Øₒ) along with torque in the pipe (T)
You only need to enter the internal and external diameters of the pipe (Øᵢ and Øₒ) along with the temperature variation ('δṮ(pipe)') and the pipe material's thermal coefficient of linear expansion ('α(pipe)')
The hoop, radial, bending, pressure-shear and torsional-shear stresses (sh, sr, sM, τp, τT and τM) calculated will be at the radius (r) you specify.
Important: The axial forces from the effects of temperature are only valid if the pipe is constrained from any axial growth, whereas those from the effects of pressure in a closed pipe are valid whether or not growth is restricted.
Deformation of the pipe due to the above stresses such as (δØᵢ, δØₒ & δL) according to the contraints applied by the user.
By resetting the data to default, Pipe sets all loading conditions to zero in a steel pipe in air and filled with seawater. You simply modify or add the input data according to the material of your pipe and the results you're looking for, leaving the remainder at zero.
You may use any units you like, but you must be consistent.
You will find further reading on this subject in reference publications(1, 3 & 4)